SULTAN ABDUL HAMID II

                                                 SULTAN ABDUL HAMID II 

 Sultan Abdul Hamid II was the 34th Ottoman Sultan and the last to hold effective power over the Ottoman Empire. He ruled from 1876 to 1909, a period of significant change and modernization for the empire.

Abdul Hamid II was born on September 21, 1842 in the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul, Turkey. He was the son of Sultan Abdulmejid I the son of Sultan Abdulmejid I. He was well-educated and fluent in several languages, including Turkish, Arabic, Persian, and French. Abdul Hamid was married at least once, and possibly more than once. His first wife was Tirimüjgan Kadın, a Georgian princess. They had one son together, Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin.

ISTANBUL

In 1876, Abdul Hamid became sultan following the deposition of his brother, Murad V. He faced numerous challenges during his reign, including internal unrest, external threats, and financial difficulties. In response, Abdul Hamid implemented a series of reforms aimed at modernizing and strengthening the empire.

One of Abdul Hamid's major initiatives was the establishment of a network of schools and universities throughout the empire, with the goal of providing education to more of the population. He also made efforts to improve infrastructure, including the construction of new roads, railways, and telegraph lines.

However, Abdul Hamid's efforts to modernize the empire were often overshadowed by his authoritarian rule. He imposed strict censorship, suppressed political opposition, and used his secret police to crack down on dissent. As a result, he became increasingly unpopular with many of his subjects, and his reign was marked by widespread unrest and resistance.

SULTAN ABDUL HAMID II TOMB

Abdul Hamid died in Constantinople (now Istanbul) in 1918, at the age of 76. His death marked the end of an era in the Ottoman Empire, and the beginning of a period of political and social transformation. Despite his controversial rule, Abdul Hamid is remembered as a significant figure in Ottoman history, and his legacy continues to be debated by historians and political analysts.

ERTUGRUL GHAZI

Ertugrul Bey was born in the early 13th century in the Kayi tribe of the Oghuz Turks. His father was Suleyman Shah, the chief of the tribe, and his mother was Hayme Hatun. Ertugrul had three brothers, Gundogdu, Sungurtekin, and Dundar.

 Ertugrul was a skilled warrior and leader, and he inherited these qualities from his father. He was also known for his intelligence, strategy, and determination.

Ertugrul's life was filled with challenges and obstacles. He faced constant threats from rival tribes and enemies who sought to harm his family and tribe. Despite these challenges, Ertugrul remained determined and always found a way to overcome them.

One of the main conflicts in Ertugrul's life was with the Byzantine Empire, which sought to dominate the Turkish tribes. Ertugrul and his tribe were allied with the Seljuk Turks, who were also fighting against the Byzantines.

Ertugrul's alliance with the Seljuks proved to be beneficial, as he was able to gain their support and resources in his fight against the Byzantines. With the help of the Seljuks, Ertugrul was able to establish his own principality and expand his territory.

Ertugrul's personal life was also filled with challenges and conflicts. He was married to Halime Hatun, with whom he had four children: Gündüz, Savci, and Osman.

Ertugrul's marriage to Halime was not always smooth, as they often clashed due to their different personalities and beliefs. However, they eventually learned to respect and understand each other, and their relationship became stronger as a result.

Throughout his life, Ertugrul faced numerous challenges and enemies, but he always found a way to overcome them. He was a skilled warrior and strategist, and he used these skills to protect his family and tribe.

Ertugrul Bey was also known for his fairness and justice, and he was respected by his followers. He was a strong and decisive leader, but he was also known for his kindness and compassion.

In 1230, Ertugrul Bey and his followers settled in the region of Söğüt, which was under the control of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum. The Kayi tribe, under Ertugrul Bey's leadership, began to establish itself in the region and gain power. Ertugrul Bey eventually became a bey or chieftain, and his tribe became known as the "Beylic of Ertugrul."

                                                     ERTUGRUL GHAZI TOMB

Ertugrul Bey died in 1281 at the age of 70 he was been buried in sogut. after His death, his Son Osman became the chief of his tribe. The exact date and circumstances of his death are not known.

Ertugrul Bey's legacy lives on today through his descendants, who had continued to build and expand the Ottoman Empire. He is remembered as a great warrior, leader, and statesman, and his life continues to inspire people around the world.

SULTAN OSMAN GHAZI

 

                                                               SULTAN OSMAN GHAZI

Usman Ghazi, also known as Osman I, was the founder and first sultan of the Ottoman Empire, a powerful state that emerged in the late 13th century in Anatolia (present-day Turkey) and went on to become a major power in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and North Africa. He was born in 1258 likely in the city of Söğüt in western Anatolia.

Osman's early life is shrouded in mystery, as few contemporary sources provide detailed information about his childhood and youth. It is known that he was a member of the Kayi tribe, a small Oghuz Turkic group that had migrated to Anatolia in the 11th century. He was the son of Ertugrul Bey, the leader of the Kayi tribe, and the grandson of Suleyman Shah.

Osman was married at least once, and possibly more than once. His first wife was Malhun Hatun, the daughter of a prominent tribal leader. with whom he had one child, Orhan who was become the second sultan of the Ottoman Empire. It is possible that Osman had other wives and children as well, but little is known about these relationships.

Osman's rise to power began in the early 13th century when he became the leader of the Kayi tribe following his father's death. He inherited a small domain in western Anatolia, which he quickly began to expand through a series of military campaigns against neighboring Turkish and Byzantine states. He was aided in these efforts by the skilled warrior TURGUT Alp, who served as his chief advisor and played a key role in helping Osman establish his rule.

As Osman's power grew, so did his reputation as a skilled military leader and a visionary ruler. He was known for his bold and decisive actions, as well as his ability to inspire loyalty among his followers. He also demonstrated a keen sense of strategy and an ability to adapt to changing circumstances, which helped him to emerge as a dominant force in Anatolia.

One of Osman's most significant achievements was the establishment of a standing army, which was a revolutionary development at the time. Before his reign, Turkish states had relied on a system of tribal levies to raise soldiers for military campaigns. Osman, however, recognized the need for a more professional and disciplined force, and he began to recruit and train soldiers permanently. This gave him a significant advantage over his rivals, as he was able to field a much larger and more effective army than they could.

Osman also worked to strengthen and consolidate his rule by establishing a bureaucracy and implementing a series of administrative and legal reforms. He created a system of tax collection and established a code of laws that applied to all of his subjects, regardless of their religion or ethnicity. These reforms helped to create a more centralized and efficient state, and they laid the foundations for the Ottoman Empire's later success.

In addition to his military and administrative accomplishments, Osman is also remembered for his role in spreading Islam in the region. He was a devout Muslim, and he worked to promote religion among his subjects and in the territories he conquered. He also supported the construction of mosques, madrasas (Islamic schools), and other institutions that helped to spread Islam and improve the lives of the people he ruled.

SULTAN OSMAN GHAZI TOMB

Osman's rule came to an end in 1326, when he died at the age of 68. He was succeeded by his son, Orhan, who continued the expansion of the Ottoman state and established the Ottoman Empire as a major power in the region. Osman's legacy lived on, however, and he is remembered today as one of the most important figures in Turkish history.

QUAID-E-AZAM MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH

                                                          MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH

 Muhammad Ali Jinnah, also known as Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader) and the Father of the Nation, was a key figure in the history of Pakistan. Born in Karachi in 1876, he received a good education, studying at schools in Karachi and later at the University of Bombay. He began his career as a lawyer and quickly gained a reputation for his skills and success in the courtroom.

KARACHI

Jinnah's political career began in 1906 when he joined the Indian National Congress, a political party that advocated for greater autonomy and self-governance for India within the British Empire. Over the next several decades, he worked to promote the rights and interests of India's Muslim minority and to secure a separate Muslim state.

Jinnah was married twice. His first wife was Emibai Jinnah, whom he married in 1892 when he was just 16 years old. However, Emibai died a few months later, and Jinnah was left a widower. In 1918, Jinnah married Rattanbai Petit, who was almost 20 years younger than him. They had one daughter together, Dina Jinnah.

In 1940, Jinnah founded the All India Muslim League, a political party that represented the interests of Muslims in India. He became the leader of the party and began to advocate for the creation of a separate Muslim state, arguing that Muslims needed their homeland to protect their rights and cultural identity.

Jinnah's efforts to secure a separate Muslim state eventually led to the partition of India in 1947, which resulted in the creation of the nation of Pakistan. As the leader of the Muslim League and the chief architect of the partition, Jinnah became Pakistan's first Governor-General and is now revered as the Father of the Nation in Pakistan.

Despite the challenges he faced and the controversies surrounding the partition of India, Jinnah is remembered as a strong and visionary leader who fought for the rights and freedoms of his people. He is revered in Pakistan for his role in securing independence and for his efforts to create a nation based on the principles of justice, equality, and democracy.

In the years following independence, Jinnah worked to establish Pakistan as a modern and progressive nation, implementing several important reforms and initiatives. He focused on building strong institutions, strengthening the economy, and promoting education and cultural development.

QUAID-E-AZAM TOMB

Unfortunately, Jinnah's efforts  death in 1948,at the age of 71 just over a year after Pakistan's independence. Despite his brief tenure as Pakistan's leader, Jinnah's legacy continues to be felt in the nation he helped to create, and he is remembered as one of the most influential figures in the history of Pakistan.

SULTAN ORHAN GHAZI

 

                                                                    ORHAN GHAZI

Orhan Ghazi was the second sultan of the Ottoman Empire, which was a major power in the Middle East and Europe for more than 600 years. He was the son of Osman I, the empire's founder and first sultan. Orhan was born in 1281 in the Turkish town of Söğüt, located in the region of Bithynia, which is now part of modern-day Turkey.

SOGUT

His first wife was Princess Holofira the daughter of the Byzantine Governer of Yarhisar Castle she was married to Orhan Gazi she was converted to Islam and her name was changed as "Nilufer Hatun".with whom They had many childrens together, Murad I was one of those, who was become the third sultan of the Ottoman Empire. 

 Orhan Ghazi's early life was marked by conflict and strife as he and his father fought to establish and expand their territory. At a young age, Orhan Ghazi demonstrated his military prowess and strategic planning abilities, leading his forces to victory in several battles.

One of Orhan Ghazi's most significant accomplishments was the capture of the city of Bursa in 1326, which became the Ottoman Empire's first capital. This victory solidified Orhan Ghazi's position as the leader of the Ottoman Turks and allowed him to expand his territory further.

In addition to his military successes, Orhan Ghazi was also known for his religious and cultural contributions. He supported the spread of Islam in the Ottoman Empire and built several mosques and madrasas (Islamic schools). He also encouraged cultural exchange and welcomed scholars and intellectuals from a variety of backgrounds to his court.

Orhan Ghazi's rule was marked by a period of relative peace and prosperity, and he is credited with implementing several significant reforms. He established a centralized system of government, which included a bureaucratic structure and a legal code based on Islamic law. He also encouraged trade and economic development, which helped to strengthen the Ottoman Empire.

Orhan Ghazi's reign came to an end in 1360, when he passed away at the age of 75. He was succeeded by his son, Murad I, who continued to expand the Ottoman Empire and build upon the foundations laid by his father.

                                                SULTAN ORHAN GHAZI TOMB

Overall, Sultan Orhan Ghazi was an important figure in the history of the Ottoman Empire. His military victories and reforms helped to establish the Ottoman Turks as a powerful force in the region, and his cultural and religious contributions had a lasting impact on the empire.

How much water is necessary to drink daily for health?

 , the exact amount of water that a person needs can vary depending on a variety of factors, including their age, gender, body weight, activity level, and the climate they live in.

                              One way to determine your daily water needs is to use the following formula:

•                                  Take your weight in pounds and divide it by 2.2 to convert it to kilograms.
•                      Multiply your weight in kilograms by 0.67 to determine your daily water intake in ounces. 
•                                                           Divide that number by 8 to convert it to cups.

                                                                                                                                      For example, if you weigh 140 pounds (63.5 kilograms), your daily water intake would be about 8.6 cups (68 ounces).

        It's important to note that this formula is only a rough estimate and may not be accurate for everyone. Some people may need more or less water depending on their individual circumstances.

         There are also several other factors that can affect how much water a person needs to drink, including:

• Exercise: If you engage in physical activity, you will need to drink more water to compensate for the fluids lost through sweat.

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•        Illness: If you are sick with a fever, vomiting, or diarrhea, you may need to drink more water to replace the fluids lost through these conditions. 

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•       Altitude: At higher altitudes, the air is drier and you may need to drink more water to stay hydrated.

          Climate: In hot or humid weather, you may need to drink more water to compensate for the fluids lost through sweat.

              

      It's important to pay attention to your body's thirst signals and drink water when you feel thirsty. This can help ensure that you are adequately hydrated. You can also check the color of your urine to determine if you are drinking enough water. If your urine is pale yellow or clear, you are probably well-hydrated. If it is dark yellow or amber, you may be dehydrated and should drink more water.

There are also many other benefits to drinking water, including:

• Regulating body temperature: Water helps to regulate your body temperature, which is especially important during exercise or in hot weather.

  
  
  
  
  

•  Lubricating joints: Water helps to lubricate your joints, which can help to reduce the risk of joint pain and stiffness.

  
  
  
  
  

• Aiding in digestion: Water helps to break down food and move it through your digestive system, which can help to prevent constipation.

  
  
  
  
  

Flushing out toxins: Water helps to flush out toxins and waste products from your body, which can help to improve your overall health.

• Enhancing skin health: Drinking water can help to keep your skin hydrated and healthy, which can help to reduce the risk of acne and other skin problems.

    In summary, it is important to drink enough water to stay hydrated and maintain good health.    The exact amount of water you need may vary depending on your individual circumstances, but a general guideline is to drink at least 8 cups (64 ounces) of water per day.

Some of the best benefits of Morning walks

 Morning walks have numerous benefits that can improve your overall health and well-being. Here are some of the best benefits of taking a morning walk:

1.  Improved cardiovascular health: Walking is a great form of aerobic exercise that can help improve your heart health. It can lower your blood pressure, reduce your risk of heart disease, and improve your cholesterol levels.

2.  Better sleep: Taking a morning walk can help regulate your sleep patterns and improve the quality of your sleep. The natural light and fresh air of the morning can help you wake up feeling rested and refreshed.

        

 

3.  Weight management: Walking can help you maintain a healthy weight or even lose weight if you're trying to shed a few pounds. It's a low-impact form of exercise that can help you burn calories and boost your metabolism.

                   

 

4.  Stress management: Walking can help reduce stress and improve your mood. The fresh air and natural surroundings of a morning walk can provide a sense of calm and relaxation.

             

 

 

5.  Improved mental clarity: Walking can help improve your cognitive function and increase your creativity and problem-solving skills. It can also help you clear your mind and improve your focus and concentration.

               

6.  Better bone health: Walking can help improve your bone density and reduce your risk of osteoporosis. It's a weight-bearing exercise that can help strengthen your bones and improve your overall bone health.

               

 

7.  Increased energy levels: Walking can help boost your energy levels and increase your physical endurance. It can help you feel more alert and awake, and it can even improve your athletic performance if you're an athlete.

          

                  

 

8.  Improved immune system: Walking can help boost your immune system and reduce your risk of getting sick. The fresh air and natural light of a morning walk can help improve your overall health and well-being.

                 

 

9.  Enhanced social connections: Walking can be a great way to connect with others and build social Connections. It can be a great opportunity to catch up with friends or meet new people in your Community.

                                               

10.                Improved overall health: The benefits of Walking are numerous and can improve your overall health in many ways. From improving your Cardiovascular health to reducing stress and Boosting your immune system, the benefits of a Morning walk are endless.

             

       So if you're looking to improve your overall health And well-being, consider adding a morning walk to Your daily routine. The benefits are numerous and Can help you feel better physically, mentally, and Emotionally. So, it is a good habit to start your day With a morning walk.

An important reason for the rapid spread of cancer discovered

 

Cancer is considered to be the second leading cause of death in the world and a major reason for its rapid spread has been identified.

Obesity is spreading like an epidemic around the world and as a result, people are at increased risk of cancer.

 

This was revealed in a new medical study conducted in the United States, which explained the relationship between obesity and the risk of cancer.

 

The Boston Children's Hospital study focused on breast cancer, and the researchers provided evidence that obesity can disrupt the blood supply to mammary tumors, allowing them to grow.

 

The researchers said that when a tumor receives blood, its growth accelerates.

 

In this study, experiments were carried out on mice and the researchers had the opportunity to observe the growth of the tumor in real time.

 

Then, during experiments in the laboratory, the researchers discovered that the fat cells in the obese mice produced higher amounts of compounds that activated the tumors by pulling them out of a dormant state.

 

The results of this research were published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

 

A study published in August in the journal The Lancet found that deaths from easily preventable types of cancer are rising worldwide.

 

Research has found that smoking, alcohol consumption, or being overweight are the 3 biggest risk factors for cancer.

 

The researchers said that the results show that the majority of cancer cases worldwide are preventable, while the mortality rate can also be reduced through early diagnosis and effective treatment.

 

Researchers acknowledge that not all cancer cases or deaths can be prevented, but avoiding smoking and alcohol, maintaining healthy body weight, avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight, and eating a balanced diet can reduce the risk of this deadly disease. can be reduced.